Intelligent Design is it Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Astute Design is it Science - Essay Example To help his view, he has utilized case of the law of material science, with pertinence to radio signs. Dembski states that radio signs accept differing structure as an unexpected structure, broad and multifaceted. To additionally bolsters the hypothesis of Specified multifaceted nature, he expresses that insight deserts an imprint or a path, which makes up a structure network, consequently it portrays the idea of determined unpredictability. An occasion is viewed as indicated intricacy if the component in it, can’t be clarified by likelihood, which is the measure of desire for event of the erratic occasion. Which means, an individual never anticipates that an occasion should happen, as a result of its strange and unware nature and the individual’s powerlessness to clarify that occasion is insight (Dembski, 712). Dembski accepts that clever plan ought to be educated in school as regular and logical marvels, yet educators face issue of destiny and convictions while showin g the savvy structure hypothesis. The center of the issue is, the clarification of canny plan hypothesis to understudies, how savvy configuration is science and not a religion. He further expresses that astute plan ought to be instructed in science classes, to secondary school understudies. Keeping in see that the technique for change doesn't represent determined structure, which is compound in nature, in science. In spite of the fact that instructors should act inactively while training canny hypothesis as one will in general go along to his own observations with the structure hypothesis (Dembski, 715).

Every American should pay the same percentage of taxes. The Rich Essay

Each American should pay a similar level of expenses. The Rich ought not be compelled to help poor people and sluggish - Essay Example he US personal duty structure as both of these have confronted a similar issue, for but it has followed a basically dynamic tax assessment system since its commencement in that the rich have needed to hold up under bigger expense rates contrasted with poor people, regularly there have been sure tax breaks or inconveniences that supposedly conflict with the guideline of movement itself (Folsom, 1999). Aside from this angle, the presumptions that legitimize dynamic tax assessment have likewise been moved prompting extensive discussion that has not restricted itself to just lawmakers or financial experts. Extensive sums have been composed and spoken about with respect to the expense framework that ought to be followed and the structure tax collection ought to accept in the USA. The normal layman like the savvy researcher has built up his specific feeling with respect to the example in which assessments ought to be exacted and the rates the diverse monetary classes should bear. This absence of accord is at any rate halfway a consequence of under-understanding of the financial perspectives that oversee the framework and this absence of perception is clear in the enormous furore that is the unavoidable aftereffect of any tax reductions for the upper or the upper-white collar class. This non-significant general understanding stems from in addition to other things, the way that the level of movement has watched momentous precariousness and variety in the US economy. For example, while in 1954, government annual assessment was forced at various rates running from 20% to 91% for 24 distinctive level of pay layers (Internal Revenue Code, 1954) sections with the expense rates shifting from 10% to 35% in 20061. Subsequently albeit both these structures were dynamic in nature, the progressions realized that diminished the quantity of sections just as the extent of the duty rates can be contended to have been backward, as the greatest assessment rate has been decreased from 91 to 35 rate focuses and the base has been decreased to 10% from 20%. The IRS reports that for the year 2006, the top

eBay

eBay © Shutterstock.com | Denys PrykhodovThough there are many different ways to sell products online, a popular channel is through eBay. In this article we will look at 1) what is eBay, 2) the business model, 3) how to sell successfully on eBay, 4) taking precautions, and 5) an example of a successful business on eBay.WHAT IS EBAY?The Company eBay is an ecommerce website known for its online auction style sales. It is owned and operated by eBay Inc which is an American multinational company. It was founded by Pierre Omidyar in 1995 and is a prominent success story that emerged from the dot-com bubble. The company has grown to become a multi-billion dollar business that operates in over 30 countries.The website traditionally allowed consumer to consumer sales over the internet through a bidding system. In recent times, the company has expanded its model to provide options such as classic shopping where you can ‘buy it now’ as well as other services such as classified advertisements, online ticket trades and online money transfers.Traditionally, the person to person trading channel was limited to events such as garage sales, flea markets etc which had a limited neighborhood reach. Through eBay, this has become a more streamlined process and provides people wider access to products being sold off by a variety of users in many different, often far off places.The Business Model The MethodThe business model popularized by eBay is simple. It is a consumer to consumer sales platform, where buyers and sellers are connected via the internet. Potential sellers are charged a small fee for to list items that they want to sell. These can then be viewed for free by potential buyers. Buyers can then place a bid on the item that they choose, again at no cost. Once bidding closes, the highest bid purchases the item much like any traditional auction.Items are listed in categories, making it easy to locate any items of interest. Though the experience is largely free for buyers, s ellers are asked to pay two fees.An insertion fee, which is charged when an item is listed and is based on the opening bid amount set by the sellerA final value fee, which is charged when the auction is completed. This can be anything between 1.25 and 5 percent of the final sale price.There may also be an additional listing fee, which eBay charges for additional features such as highlighted listing, featured items or other methods which bring the seller’s listing into a more prominent and featured position. This helps increase visibility and the number of bidders.Once the bids reach the preset minimum price, the website will send the seller a notification and the buyer and seller can complete the transaction. eBay does not have any involvement in this final transaction and at no point does the company have physical possession of any listed items or any payments to be made.  The Selling Options1. Auction Style ListingIn this mode, the seller lists an item and receives bids on it. T hey can then sell to the highest bidder. There is also an option to list a Buy it Now price, which allows a user willing to pay a higher price to bypass the bidding process and the end date for the bidding. Listings appear in the appropriate categories of the seller’s choice and appear in appropriate search results.Auctions can continue for anywhere between 1 to 10 days. Often, things like real estate auctions may last as long as 30 days. An insertion fee and a final value fee is charged with the option of choosing an advanced listing upgrade for an additional third charge. Feedback and problem resolution services are also accessible.2. Fixed Price ListingIn this type of listing, a fixed price is advertised and there is no bidding. Buyers can purchase the item immediately. There is still an option to choose a Best Offer from among a few offers. Items appear in appropriate categories and search results. Listings last for between 3 to 30 days or appear until they are cancelled. Thes e longer term listings are renewed every 30 days until the items are sold, the seller cancels the listing or eBay cancels it. An insertion and a final value fee is charged with the option to opt for advanced listing upgrades. Feedback and problem resolution services are also accessible.3. Classified AdvertisementsThis mode works like a traditional classified ad. A price is stated, a buyer contacts the seller and the transaction is handled between the two. Usually, these ads run for a 30 day period or till the good is sold. It is automatically renewed every 30 days until it is sold or the listing is cancelled. An insertion fee according to the category of the item is charged every 30 days while the listing appears. There is no final value fee in these cases. There is the option to pay an additional fee for advanced listing upgrades. This is no access to the feedback or problem resolution service.4.  Motors National ListingsWithin the US, an eBay seller can list vehicles for sale nati onally. Often older or more unique cars are sold this way to increase the likelihood of attracting multiple buyers. These items can be searched for using ZIP codes. Sellers can sell the items through auctions, Buy it Now or the Best Offer format. These listings usually last between 3 to 10 days. There may a varying insertion fee per vehicle identification number or VIN and a successful listing fee. Users can also opt for advanced listing upgrades by paying an extra charge. Sellers have access to the problem resolution service, feedback and eBay vehicle protection programs.Feedback ForumsSince the transaction of goods and payment is only directly between the buyer and the seller, there is always an issue of trust and reliability. In order to keep users coming back, eBay encourages the use of feedback forums to discuss positive and negative sellers or buyers and share stories. This information can help a potential buyer or seller make the decision to conduct their transaction via eBay . Though not foolproof, it is one way of reducing the risk of anonymous transactions.   HOW TO SELL SUCCESSFULLY ON EBAYTips from SellersMany actual sellers offer advice on how to sell successfully on eBay. This advice is practical and gleaned from actual experience. One such seller suggests the following tips:Research Your Item: Before listing your item, go through existing eBay listings of similar or the same item and see how much they sell for and how often they sell. You can also check other forums such as Amazon.com to compare prices.Use Low Starting Bids: When an item has a low starting bid, it costs less to list it and it also encourage people to actually bid on it. If the item to be listed has the potential to draw in bids, then the starting point can be much lower than your expected final price. Otherwise, it should be kept low but closer to the minimum selling point.Use 10 Day Listings that begin on A Thursday: When this method is used, the 10 day listing ensures that two weekends are included in the auction period, increasing the likelihood of browsers.Offer Free Shipping: Through free shipping, you can build a certain level of goodwill. Additionally, you can offer delivery confirmation to ensure that the item has reached. Insurance can be offered for more expensive items but it can be offered as a customer paid for service.Offer Money Back Guarantee: This can be offered only if the item does not match a description and not for buyer mistakes or a change of mind.Choose Auction Title Carefully: Instead of listing the actual name of a product, it is a good practice to use keywords that relate to it, or that may attract potential users of the item.Write Thorough Descriptions: Ensure that you write a detailed but relevant description of the product with any flaws or positive aspects clearly stated. More keywords can be used here but only so that they make sense and there is no unnecessary keyword stuffing. You can also use highlighted or bold text to em phasize key description aspects.Refuse Problem Bids: Don’t accept bids from people who may become difficult such as a buyer with negative feedback, someone who hasn’t been paying smoothly or even in some instances, foreign bidders.Use Photos: Pay a little extra and add a photo gallery to allow people to browse photos and assess the condition of the item.Answer Questions: If you receive queries, try to answer them even if they are repetitive or annoying. An FAQ section can be added to the description if a particular query is coming up often.Be Amiable: Instead of being all business, it is a good idea to foster an easy going persona. A buyer who connects personally may be more likely to actually make a purchase or a bid.How To Boost Your eBay Listings Tips from BuyersIn addition to useful tips from sellers, some frequent buyers also offer advice on what attracts them to a particular listing. One such buyer suggests the following:Use Title Line Intelligently: Since there is competi tion to sell items, the title can become a differentiating factor. In addition, the correct use of keywords can help successful search engine searches. A successful title may include information such as item identification or alternate names, brand names or artists, material or medium, subject matter etc.Research Similar Listings: Different categories of items may have their own particular terminology that you can learn and use. The correct use of words may attract a specialist buyer who would pay good money for an item rather than everyday buyers. It is also not a good idea to list items that have not been selling well.Use Accurate Categories: Use your research to place the item in the appropriate category or categories. This small step can make a substantial difference in the bid amounts.Write Informative Descriptions: Ensure that the description does justice to the product. The best way to do this is to list down relevant information in a logical order. Some of the necessary info rmation should include the item description, a strong title, who the maker, brand, artist or author is, any other identifiers, details of the medium or material, dimensions, the condition of the item and any other special features or history. All relevant dates, any patents, locations or other information printed on an item should be included. Only photos should not be used to give all this information. Many buyers will not ask for details via email etc, but will move on to other items. So make sure that all relevant information is given. It is also necessary to avoid the use of words such as awesome or rare since they usually signify amateur buyers.Check Spelling: Incorrect grammar and spelling can not only put off potential buyers but also result in search engines overlooking the items. Special attention needs to be given to the keywords in the caption.Keep Photos Relevant: The most relevant photo should be placed before the others to ensure that the buyer does not need to go thro ugh multiple photos to reach the right one.Keep Things Simple: It is a good idea to assume that bidders are in a hurry and cannot go through everything you post. Necessary information and photos should be presented clearly and cleanly. Any other information about shipping, terms or other advertising is secondary and can follow relevant information.Avoid Fancy Displays: It can be tempting to attempt to create a pretty eBay shop, but it is a better idea to avoid flash animations or large slow loading graphics. Any larger images should be resized to ensure that they load quickly. Also avoid music.TAKING PRECAUTIONSThe eBay business model relies heavily on the trust buyers and sellers put in each other. Unfortunately, this trust is not always justified and there are instances of mishaps. To try to mitigate these risks, the following steps can be taken by both buyers and sellers:1. Confirm Your PayPal AddressThis small step takes very little time but ensures that your PayPal shipping add ress matches your credit card address. This makes eBay safer since if someone manages to access your PayPal information, any items bought can only be shipped to you. In addition, sellers will prefer to sell to you if you have a verified account.2. Check Supplier ReputationEspecially in expensive purchases, it is a good idea to check the supplier’s reputation and reviews.3. Research ProductsSome products are easy to copy and counterfeits may be sold in place of the original. Ensure that you are aware of any required documentation or authenticity guarantees. Designer clothes, accessories and sports memorabilia are particularly likely to be in this category.4. Always use PayPalPayPal is an added level of security. If the sellers does not ship the item then PayPal will return your payment5. Use Delivery Confirmation As a seller, always try to use delivery confirmation to ensure that the item has reached the buyer.6. Read all the Information ProvidedDespite long descriptions, make sure you read all specifics and are aware of shipping and return policies. Long descriptions may have hidden details of product quality etc that could save you the trouble of returning the item.The Worst Mistakes to Make on eBay EXAMPLE SUCCESSFUL BUSINESS ON EBAY An industrial machine dealer from New Jersey, Machinery Values started the year 2001 with the threat of going out of business looming. The CEO, Gene Valitt was afraid the 30th anniversary celebration would turn into an out of business event. Employees had shrunk from 70 to 35 and revenues have substantially decreased as well. Following a recession, business in the industry was at an all-time low. The breakthrough came when the COO started considering what to do with unused inventory. This was about $250,000 worth of metalworks equipment as well as a collection of odds and ends. It was good material but not worth spending budget on advertising it to potential clients. Instead, they came up with the idea of cleaning and photogr aphing it to sell on eBay.Not only did everything sell out, the company began bringing in as much as $20,000 in a month. The company did away with the catalogues they use to print several times a year at substantial costs and instead started marketing through eBay. A few years later, the company brings in over $1 Million a year from eBay, which is about 15percent of its total sales. New customers have discovered the company via eBay and has brought traffic to their warehouse. Through direct and indirect sales, the company gets 30 to 40 percent of its business from eBay. Business that has saved the company.Through understanding of the business model and the sales process, and a bit of trial and error, eBay can be used successfully to create an online ecommerce business or simply to get rid of things that you no longer need!

The Main Materials - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 708 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/06/10 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Discourse Community Essay Did you like this example? When it comes to marching band there are many styles like military, corps style, carnival style, scramble style, and many more. Among high school bands the most common style is the show band style, since they focus on providing entertainment to people at football games and competitions. Most high schools and universities have show bands that do more than play for the crowd at games, but also compete against other bands that are on their same level. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Main Materials" essay for you Create order Most bands will learn one show consisting of multiple different pieces of music that are fused together to create one cohesive journey. They usually learn this shows at a band camp in the summer, where they are also taught the different marching and stances that they will need to know if they do not already. Bands spend all season continuously trying to perfect their show, always having early morning practices and night practices multiple times a week. The main materials used in high school Show Marching Bands are the instruments and the different flags, rifles, and batons used by the Color Guard members. The Intellectual tools used by all members is the ability to understand the jargon of marching and reading/playing music. Knowing the different terms that describe the way in which you are needed to march and the stances that are appropriate to use at different points in a performance are crucial to the efficiency of both learning and correcting the drill, or routine. There is always passion behind the reason that the members are in Marching Band. Whether itrs because they love to play their instrument, enjoy the physical aspect of marching, or they relish in the ability to entertain the audience while taking them on an emotional adventure, there is always something there that makes all the commitment worth it. Winning a competition isnt bad either. There are very few times that bands will win prize money at competitions, but there are always great rewards like scholarships, new equipment, or even an opportunity to have a renowned clinician come in to work with the band that will help them build their skills and come back even stronger for the next season. The ending goal for most bands is to be able to see that all their hard work has paid off through winning competitions or getting recognized throughout the community for their good work. Marching Band is more about the pleasure and accomplishments the members get out of the experience than any prizes that can be won. The community of high school marching bands, consists of not only the different schools that are local and all in the same conference, but also universities that are state wide competitions and different music foundations that can be local, nationwide, or anywhere in between. These different groups that organize the competitions all have the goal of bringing people in the Marching Band community together and making it accessible to see what bands are working on outside of your own. Whoever is putting on the competition usually contributes by either preforming in exhibition their selves, or bringing in a renowned band to play for those who have competed and who are there to watch. While there are some discourse communities that are all about pushing the boundaries and breaking rules, Marching Band is not one of them. Points are taken off if there is too much space between people in a set, if someone moves when they should be at attention, or not rolling your feel while you march. Everything in Marching Band is about uniform so with each wrong move, points get deducted from the total score. Presentation is also a big part of this uniformed look, so wearing the right type of gloves, making sure all hair is tucked in your hat, and your pants being the correct length are requirements that are drilled into you from the start of your very first competition. Crossing the field lines is never an option, and neither is talking during a performance. The number one rule of Marching band though, is to never swerve for anyone. If there is a judge in your way on the field, you run them over. And always stretch before you do anything in Marching Band. Ever.

Management Challenges Posed By the Role of Information Systems in Organisations - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2466 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Review Level High school Did you like this example? Management Challenges Posed By the Role of Information Systems in Organisations Throughout the 20th century, businesses thrived by making their production methods more and more efficient by improving production processes and developing better ways for making things. However, efficiency in production methods is no longer the only success factors in todays business world. The excellence of 21st century lies in Information management i.e. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Management Challenges Posed By the Role of Information Systems in Organisations" essay for you Create order having the right thing, on the right time, in the right quantity. Information is one of the most critical elements for the success of a business. Information has become one of the most significant assets for a business. The performance of a business depends on how it manages this asset like every other assets such as finance, humans, buildings, products, customers, etc. (Ward, 1995). The advancements of Information and Communication technology have provided various tools to effectively manage information. Using information and communication technologies, businesses and organizations nowadays rely largely on Information systems to store and manage and analyse data. Information system is a combination of various subsystems that coordinate with each other to collectively gather, store, manage, retrieve, distribute, and transfer information. Information systems help businesses to enhance their productivity by increasing the efficiency and value of business processes (Porter Millar 1985). Using information technology tools for managing information in conducting business is referred to as E-Business. E-business is a very wide concept comprising of different aspects of business transaction or transferring information by means of Internet. E-business can be classified into three categories. It can be within an organization which may include of various information systems such as Accounting Information System, Knowledge management system, Decision support system, Executive support system, etc. This type of communication technology is called Intranet. The standards used for Intranet are the same as for Internet communication. Accessibility to the Intranet is limited to organization-specific applications or web sites. These web sites and applications are protected against any unauthorized personal by firewalls and other security measures. The second category is involves business-to-business (B2B) communication conducted via Extranet. The Extranet integrate s two Intranets which are inter-connected to each other via Internet, which facilitates two separate organizations to communicate and share confidential data. Thirdly category is the business-to-consumer (B2C) communication which occurs over the Internet. The business-to-consumers activity is the most prominent feature of e-business (Amor, 2001). Purpose of Information Systems The purpose of an information system is to empower its users. There is a wide difference in a simple database which stores data and return it to its users upon request. A database can be created in a way that manages and retrieves information in a sorted manner. This information can help make decision at various levels within an organization. Information system recognize that there are different levels of workers in an organization who have their specific duties and thus provides them information is different ways (Heinrich, 2002). Its purpose is to make sure that the users of the system are quickly able to access, comprehend, and react to the information provided to them. Wiseman (1985) mentions that the information system improves business functionality by automating some of the fundamental information procedures. He further mentions that the information system increases the effectiveness of the management by satisfying their information demands. Information demands of b usinesses vary at different organizational levels. Various business functions at strategic, tactical and operational level have different types of subsystems of information system to serve their information demands. Some of the commonly used subsystems are as follows: †¢ Management Information Systems (MIS) †¢ Decision Support Systems (DSS) †¢ Knowledge Management Systems (KMS) †¢ Expert Systems (ES) †¢ Executive Information Systems (EIS) †¢ Transaction Processing Systems (TPS) †¢ Accounting Information Systems (AIS) E-commerce An important component of the information and communication technology and indeed one of its most momentous impacts is the provision and empowerment of electronic commerce. Electronic commerce is a process of buying and selling of products or services by means of electronic systems involving the Internet and e-mails (Graham 2008). Commercial activities performed through e-commerce are either business-to-business (B2B) or business-to-consumers (B2C). E-commerce is a very cost-efficient mode of conducting business-to-consumers commercial activities (Graham 2008). E-commerce allows economic agents to reduce the transactional cost to a great extent (Porter 2001). Instead of internal hierarchies, it empowers the market itself to organize economic activities, which in turn increases the efficiency of the not just the business but across the entire commodity chain (Malone et al. 1987). E-commerce creates a dimension of ‘spacelessness for economic activities which is one o f its most distinctive features. Since the emergence of the Internet and increasing use of e-commerce, the imminent â€Å"death of distance† and creation of an ‘eight continent has been highlighted by researchers which is spurred by the increasing trade and commerce activities conducted electronically. They assert that constraints such as space and distance are becoming less significant for conducting economical activities (OBrien 1992; Cairncross 1997). A large literature exits regarding various firms having used e-commerce to achieve competitive advantage by finding new and distant customers (for example see Daniel and Grimshaw 2002; Hamill and Gregory 1997; Kim and Mauborgne 1999; OKeefe et al. 1998; Poon and Swatman 1999). Thus information systems also serve the purpose of communication with external business entities for trade and commerce activities. Analysis of the problems of gathering data and analysing information Information systems are a vital tool in achieving competitive advantage for a business by properly managing and analysing the information. However there are many security concerns that have being in the corporate agenda since its early usage. Today organizations are challenged by various and complex information security matters for handling distributed computer networks. Large amount of e-commerce activities, increased usage of internet, and ever changing technologies means new threats and risks and vulnerabilities for businesses as more and more business functions and procedures are becoming paperless. For this purpose, right controls are required within an organization to reduce the risks and ensure effective functioning of the information systems (Sushil Leon, 2004). Information Systems requires certain controls to be implemented for its smooth and effective functionality (Boczko, 2007). Information security managers can put these controls in place to ensure the system is secure against threats, exposure, and risks. (Gertz, 2003). †¢ A threat can be any possible unwanted occurrence or event that could harm the Accounting Information System or the business. †¢ The exposure is the possible loss of money that would occur as a result of the threat becoming a reality. †¢ The risk is the chance that the threat will become reality. The controls that secure information systems against unfavourable outcomes are as follows: †¢ Preventive Controls †¢ Input Controls; Input controls checks upon the information that is being entered into the system. †¢ Processing Controls; Processing controls checks whether the data is processed properly after it is entered in to the system. †¢ Output Controls; The output controls ensure the completeness, validity, and accuracy of the data in various output mediums. †¢ Storage Controls; The storage controls ensures that the data in stored in such a manner that it cannot be tampered with. †¢ Files Controls; Files controls reduce the errors that occur due the improper storage of files. †¢ Hardware Security; Hardware security control is very important as any damage or harm to the hardware would mean that the failure of the system therefore the hardware for the information system must be kept in a secure place and with only reliable and relevant personal having access to it. Proper protection against high temperature or power failures and incidents should be made along with backup support. †¢ Standardization; Standardization controls involves usage of already laid down standards by the developers and operators for the methodology of the system development and operation respectively. (Basset, 1993) †¢ Detective controls †¢ Testing; Testing is required to detect any problems occurring in the system and is thus performed before it is made operational. Testing can shows problems that can occur in the processing and any other errors. It is recommended that testing should be performed on a routine basis or after any new developments. †¢ Training; the training of the data processing staff ensures proper functioning of the system. The awareness of the staff also helps in pointing any defects in the system which could then be resolved. †¢ Operation Controls; Operation controls in Dean Plc are controls which record what computer systems and the employees have been doing. The operational controls can include tasks such as rotation of shifts, duty logs, manual of operating instructions, attendance controls and computer logs, etc. which can referred to whenever a problem is reported. (Basset, 1993) †¢ Corrective controls †¢ When any problem in the system is detected, the management along with the help of Business Analysts and Expert can take relevant steps to correct the problems in the system. †¢ Certain procedure can be set for reoccurre nce of the problems. Apart from security concerns, there are several other challenges and issues associated with managing information systems. These are: †¢ Increase costs of a technological solution (developing, implementing and maintaining of the information technologies and systems) †¢ Reliability for certain processes (information systems require thorough testing before they could be used and are difficult prone to errors leading to potential losses) †¢ Software tools are not fixed but constantly evolving (information communication technology tools require timely upgrades to meet prevailing standards) †¢ Integrating digital and non-digital sales and production information (for e-commerce activities) †¢ Customer fear of personal information being used wrongly (privacy issues) †¢ Customer have high expectations regarding efficiency and real time responses †¢ Vulnerability to fraud and other crimes †¢ Higher emplo yee training required to effectively using the information technology. Another technological concern regarding information technology is the high volume of data generated from its use and its management. Organizations are required to create robust middleware application that are capable of handling the high amount of data and route it to the appropriate information systems in a timely manner (Ngain and Gunasekaran 2009). Major sources of relevant data used for management information systems As mentioned previously, businesses and organizations have a variety of information requirements. Executives at strategic level require information to help them with their planning and strategic decision making. They require a summarized form of information that can give an overview of the business. Middle management requires more detailed information in order to oversee and control business activities. Operational level employees need basic routine information to carry out their day to day duties. Therefore, businesses have several information systems working altogether at the same time. Different information systems have different sources of gathering data according their purpose. The following presents a list of most commonly used information system and their likely sources of data and users. Executive Support Systems Executive Support System helps the senior management of an organization in making strategic decisions. Executive Support Systems shows the status of all key business activities and involves large data analysis to help strategic decision making. Therefore, it is likely to have information from all the internal and external sources which is gathered, analysed and summarized for strategic decision making. Internal sources include information collected from other information systems. External information system can include external data gathered by e-commerce activities, external market analysis and etc. Management Information Systems Management information system is concerned with the summarized data of the business transactions that helps middle management to monitor business activities. Therefore it is likely to have information from all the internal sources such as transaction processing systems. It summarizes information into management reports. Decision-Support Systems Decision Support Systems are designed to assist middle and top level management in making decisions at uncertain conditions. It informs the user about the possible consequences of their decisions. It gathers internal information to analyse the available options and alternatives. It has a predefined set of logic which is part of its design. It uses complex tools spreadsheets, and databases for creating ‘what if models. Knowledge Management Systems Knowledge Management Systems are created to help organizations and businesses create and share information. The source of such information systems is typically the employees who create new knowledge through their own expertise and then share it along with others within an organization. This share pool of information is created to search new commercial opportunities. Examples of such information systems are web-portals and Intranet portals created by professional lawyers, management consultants and etc. these information systems categorize and distribute information efficiently among users. Information could be contained in any form and formats such as word processed documents, presentations, web pages and etc. Transaction Processing Systems Transaction Processing Systems are created to process daily repetitive activities and transaction in an automated efficient manner. The automation increases the accuracy of the information. A business usually involves several reoccurring transactions. Therefore, there are several Transaction Processing Systems such as Billing systems, Payroll systems, Inventory management systems, etc. The sources of these information systems are the employees at the operational level or the organization. Sometimes automated identifications are also used to input data to these systems such as Radio Frequency Identification. Office Automation Systems Office Automation Systems are tools that help improve the productivity of employees processing data. Such systems usually work as standalone programs and do not link data to other information systems. Examples of such systems include Microsoft Office Tools, and Computer Operating Systems. References Amor, D., (2001). Introduction to Internet Business. Available from :https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=165183seqNum=3 (cited on 22nd November, 2010) Basset P.H. (1993) Computerized Accounts, 3rd ed, Manchester : NCC Blackwell. Boczko, T., (2007). Corporate Accounting Information Systems. Financial Times Press Cairncross, F. (1997), The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution will Change our Lives. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Daniel, A. (2001), Introduction to Internet Business. Inform IT Networks Available from https://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=165183seqNum=3 (cited on 22nd November, 2010) Gertz. M., (2003). Integrity and Internal Control in Information Systems. Springer Graham, M. (2008), Warped Geographies of Development: The Internet and Theories of Economic Development. Available from https://geospace.co.uk/files/compass.pdf (cited on 22nd November, 2010) Hamill, J Gregory, K. (1997), ‘Internet Marketing in the Internationalisation of UK SMEs. Journal of Marketing Management 13, pp. 9–28. Heinrich, L.J. (2002). Informations management. 7th ed.. Munich: Oldenbourg. Kim, C Mauborgne, R. (1999), â€Å"Creating the New Market Space. Harvard Business Review 77, pp. 83–93. Ngain. E. and Gunasekaran. A, (2009). RFID Adoption: Issues and Challenges. International Journal of Enterprise Information Systems, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 2-8 OBrien, R. (1992), Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography. New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press. OKeefe, M. OConnor, G. Kung, J. (1998) ‘Early Adopters of the Web as a Retail Medium: Small Company Winners and Losers. European Journal of Marketing 32, pp. 629–643. Poon, S Swatman, C. (1999) ‘An Exploratory Study of Small Business Internet Commerce Issues. Information and Management 35, pp. 9–18. Porter, M. E. (2001). ‘Strategy and the Internet. Harvard Business Review March 79, pp. 63–78. Sushil. J., Leon. Strous. (2004) Integrity and Internal Control On Information Systems VI. Springer Ward. J., (1995) Principles Of Information Systems Management. Routledge Wiseman, C. (1985). Strategy and computers: information systems as competitive weapons.

Population Problems in Bangladesh Free Essays

string(76) " must strictly be regulated by certain rules, which we call, traffic rules\." [pic] Assignment On Population Problems in bangladesh Submitted To: Halimur R. khan, Ph. D. We will write a custom essay sample on Population Problems in Bangladesh or any similar topic only for you Order Now Professor FBA Eastern University Submitted By: Name |ID | |Dewan Abdullah |101200205 | |Jannatul Ferdaous |101200214 | |Tanzila Afrin | 101200004 | |Shahina Akter |101200211 | Faculty of Business Administration Submission: 11/05/2011 Terms of Reference May 11, 2011 Halimur R. khan,Ph. D. , Professor Faculty of Business Administration, Eastern University Sir, The report at your hand is on â€Å"population problem in Bangladesh†. You assign us to prepare this report as a part of the Business Communication (BUS-201) course requirement. While preparing this report, we have tried to follow your instructions given in the class. We believe our report contains information help us to make a clear recognize about â€Å"population problem in Bangladesh†. We really enjoyed doing such a challenging report. If you have further queries regarding this paper, we gladly remain stand by whenever you ask for it. Finally, we are grateful to you for giving us a nice opportunity to work on this report, which we have considered as a great chance for us to develop our analytical skills. Sincerely yours, Dewan Abdullah Jannatul Ferdaous Tanzila Afrin Shahina Akter [pic] 1. Introduction: Today more than a billion people live in the areas richest in species diversity and the most threatened by human activities. The world’s population is now more than 6. billion and continues to grow by 83 million people per year. During the last half-century, the world’s population more than doubled. Between 1960 and 2010, the world population rose from 3 billion to 6. 8 billion. In other words, there has been more growth in population in the last fifty years than the previous 2 million years that humans have existed. Currently the rate of population increase is 1. 2% per year, which means the planet’s human population is on a trajectory to double again in 58 years. The planet’s major renewable natural resources—its fresh water, fisheries and forests—are already strained, and our atmosphere has been dramatically alter. Based on these trends, it is clear that the 21st century will witness even greater pressures on natural resources—with the poorest among us often paying the greatest price. Thomas Malthus believed that natural rates of human reproduction, when unchecked, would lead to geometric increases in population: population would grow in a ratio of 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 and so on. However, he believed that food production increased only in arithmetic progression: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10. It seemed obvious to him that something had to keep the population in check to prevent wholesale starvation. He said that there were two general kinds of checks that limited population growth: preventative checks and positive checks. Preventative checks reduced the birth rate; positive checks increased the death rate. Despite sustained domestic and international efforts to improve economic and demographic prospects, Bangladesh remains a developing nation, in part due to its large population. Its per capita income in 2006 was US$2300, compared to the world average of $10,200. Recent (2005–2007) estimates of Bangladesh’s population range from 142 to 159 million, making it the 8th most populous nation in the world. With a land area of 143,998 square kilometers (55,600 square miles, ranked 94th), the population density is remarkable. A striking comparison is offered by the fact that Russia’s population is only slightly smaller. Bangladesh boasts the highest population density in the world, excluding a handful of microstates. Bangladesh’s population growth was among the highest in the world in the 1960s and 1970s, when the country grew from 50 to 90 million people, but with the promotion of birth control in the 1980s, the growth rate slowed. The total fertility rate is now 3. 1 children per woman, compared with 6. 2 three decades ago. The population is relatively young, with the 0–25 age group comprising 60%, while 3% are 65 or older. Bangladesh remains among the poorest nations in the world. Many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land. Nearly half of the population lives on less than 1 US$ per day. BANGLADESH had one of the highest rates of population growth in the world. Bangladesh is among the poorest Asian countries. GNP per capita, now at $170, has grown very little since 1970 and is still among the lowest in the world. Rural people–90 percent of the population–have seen increasing landlessness and economic dislocation. Underemployment remains high. The overall literacy rate is 30 percent; for women, it is only 22 percent. The social status of the vast majority of women, bound by the restrictions of a patriarchal, traditional society, has changed little since Independence. Top 10 countries, based on population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ [pic] 2. State of the problems : It is alarming news. People in Bangladesh should now understand the reality of the problem. Population is growing, land for cultivation is sinking, climate change will create havoc for the country, there is excess in government expenditure for foreign trips and hosts of other problems are coming up. I heard the Prime Minister saying that she send the Bangladeshis abroad to solve the population problem. That sounded hollow to me. The government should have a viable policy of limiting population growth. This is a serious problem for Bangladesh. [pic] 2. 1 Environmental Issues: Many people are landless and forced to live on and cultivate flood-prone land; water-borne diseases prevalent in surface water; water pollution, especially of fishing areas, results from the use of commercial pesticides; ground water contaminated by naturally occurring arsenic; intermittent water shortages because of falling water tables in the northern and central parts of the country; soil degradation and erosion; deforestation; severe overpopulation. 2. Overpopulation Creates Traffic Jam: Traffic Jam is one of the most irritating problems in Bangladesh. Everyone feels it but none seems to think over this unhappy situation as prevails in Bangladesh. Communication is an important aspect of our day-to-day li fe. And as such, the bad effect of traffic jam can better be understood than described. So that, movements on the roads and streets must strictly be regulated by certain rules, which we call, traffic rules. You read "Population Problems in Bangladesh" in category "Essay examples" Vehicles must keep to the left, obey speed limits and should avoid overtaking and follow the traffic signals. If these rules are followed strictly, the vehicles can go on smoothly without causing any traffic jam. But most often than not, there is glaring carelessness about these rules. As a result, the common people pay very dearly for it. People lose their time on their way for nothing. Sometimes we feel inclined to think that our government and the people at the helm of these affairs are very indifferent to such vital problems. Something positive must be done to relieve the people from such problems. T[pic] The main reasons of traffic jam is overpopulation. 2. 3 Overpopulation Creates Load Shedding Load shedding occurs when generation of power is less than the demand and it creates problems of far reaching consequences in the economic and social development of the country. Mills and factories become idle, industrial production declines, workers are retrenched. Social order suffers a great damage. Students suffer in their study, straining their eyes in dim candle lights. The housewife gropes in the darkness in the kitchen. the shops have to close down. Men in the cinema halls spend hours in stuffy suffocation for failure of the supply of current. People return home after a day’s hard work only to enter a dark den. The entire life-domestic and industrial comes to a standstill. Load shedding occurs when generation of power is less than the demand and it creates problems of far reaching consequences in the economic and social development of the country. Mills and factories become idle, industrial production declines, workers are retrenched. Social order suffers a great damage. Students suffer in their study, straining their eyes in dim candlelight. The housewife gropes in the darkness in the kitchen. The shops have to close down. Men in the cinema halls spend hours in stuffy suffocation for failure of the supply of current. People return home after a day’s hard work only to enter a dark den. The entire life-domestic and industrial comes to a standstill. So that it says, demand of electricity is increase when population is rapidly increased day to day. 2. 4 Housing Problem Housing means providing our dwelling place. It is a problem because very little attention is paid to it. That housing is a problem must first be considered a great problem by the government as well as the conscious citizens. The employer must be compelled to provide proper accommodation facilities for their employees. The government may also impose suitable taxes on profit and utilize this income for the purpose of building accommodation for workers. The government should also make it a point to make the people in general conscious of the danger of unhygienic living. The picture shows that overpopulation creates both environment pollution housing problem [pic] 2. 5 Educational problems Population problem creates educational problems too. It is an extraordinary job to get admission in schools, colleges and university. For twenty seats, there may be two thousand candidates. 6. Unemployment In the field of employment this condition is dangerous. For one single vacant post there will be thousand candidates. Thousands and thousands of people are out of work in the country. 2. 7 Sound pollution Among the many-side environmental pollutions, sound pollution is one of the serious problems. It has reached an alarming stage now-a-days. The quietness of our life has totally vanished. Even within our homes sound has been very common. Many are the causes of this problem of sound pollution. Microphones blare out day in and day out. Film songs are played on cassette recorders at top volume even from the wayside betel shops. There are the aggressive bullying horns of automobiles. During religious festivals crackers are burst in discriminately and as a result the lives of the children and the aged person become miserable. Shouting of slogans also contributes not a little to sound pollution. One can even come across slogan shouting in hospitals. The extent of sound pollution has already crossed the normal limits of human endurance. We have to pass strict laws to take effective steps against the misuse of microphones. So that, population problems creates sound pollution that is chasing us in almost every step of our life. 2. 8 Green House Effect There are many causes of green house effect. The destruction and cutting down of tropical rain forests. Vehicles that clog up city streets and rapid growth of population are the most effective causes of green house effect. All this reports provide strong evidence that world temperatures are increasing day by day; growth of population is the most effective causes of Green house effect. 2. 9 Overpopulation Can Increasing Air Pollution The city of Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. It faces a number of problems for overpopulation. Increasing air population is one of them. It is creating serious threat to health for the millions of the city dwellers. The root cause of this air-pollution in this city is the rise of population, unplanned industrial activities and growth motorizes vehicles. Then there are the auto-rickshaws, tempos, buses, mini bus and trucks. These vehicles discharge excessive amount of carbon in the air. It has been reported that at present 80 thousand cars, 40 thousand auto-rickshaws, 16 thousand trucks, 1500 buses and 22,500 other vehicles are operating in the Dhaka Metropolitan area. Then there are also a good number of vehicles coming in and going out from the city every day. In the context of this situation, necessary measures for control of air-pollution should situation. Necessary measures for control of air-pollution should be taken jointly by the government and the city dwellers. 2. 0 Food problem Population in Bangladesh is increasing by geometrical progression. But the agricultural production is increasing by arithmetical progression. The production of food cannot keep pace with our increasing people. S o there is the shortage of food in our country. Every year a large quantity of food is to be imported from abroad. 2. 11 Health problem â€Å"Health is wealth†, but our people are suffering from many diseases. Many children of our country are blind because they do not get enough nutrition. Our children often suffer in diarrhea. 2. 12 Medical and medicine problem The large number of population creates the treatment problems too. There is only one qualified doctor for every 25,000 village people on the average. They also do not get proper and sufficient medicine. 2. 13 Shelter Problems The area of Bangladesh is too small to arrange shelter for the large number of population. In our country some people sleep under the porn sky, under the large tree, at railway station. This cause creates only for the population problems. 2. 14 Poverty Overpopulation is a cause of poverty. The increasing population of our country is creating pressure to our wealth. Our wealth is limited. So day by day we become poor. In this picture the little poor boy is working to earn money for food. Overpopulation increases food problem poverty [pic] 3. Reasons of population problems in Bangladesh: Population growth is not the only threat facing humanity, but it will be a major contributor to the crises that await us and the planet in the coming century. Overpopulating the planet puts us all at risk of extreme environmental and social consequences that we are beginning to witness today. Beyond the dour environmental implications of current and future global population growth, there is a human tragedy in process as well. When we look forward to the next 40 years, the most significant population increases will take place in the areas of our world where natural resources and the infrastructure of modernity are already the scarcest. Ninety-five percent of human population growth is occurring in countries already struggling with poverty, illiteracy and civil unrest. In fact, developing countries are in need of approximately $1 trillion per year in new infrastructure (school rooms, for example) to accommodate the dramatic increases to their populations. This figure is effectively impossible to meet, which means the continued expansion of human population will result in an increase in the number of people living in poverty, unemployment and with inadequate health care. 3. 1 Hypothesis: †¢ Lack of awareness: Lack of awareness is the burning issue of increasing population. It is the root of all problems. Gender discrimination: There is a traditional view of having a male child. Parents thought that if they have a male child they will support them economically when they are able to earn. Parents specially take care of a male child than female one. So they try to have more and more male child. This practice is increasing the member of the family as well as the whole country. This situation is mostly seen in rural villages and in slum areas. †¢ Early marriage: Another main reason of population problem is early marriage of girls who are under 18. Poor parents are mainly interested in early marriage. Having daughter is a burden to them so they try to get them married early. Lack of education: The quality of education in remote rural areas was far worse than in urban areas, largely due to a scarcity of English teachers and the predominance of religious schools (‘madrasas’) where English is not taught, the study said. Our kids are falling behind in many areas of intellectu al achievement. The whimsical decision of the government not to promote teachers without certain qualifications is further worsening in this situation. Sixty-nine percent of students who had completed five years of primary school were unable to read news headlines in Bangla newspapers properly, while 87 percent of pupils failed to do simple mathematical calculations, the study, entitled National Assessment of Pupils of Grades Three and Five – 2006, said. Conducted by the Second Primary Education Development Programmer (PEDP-II) – a donor-assisted programmer to ensure quality primary education for all children – the study reported that 72 percent of children were unable to write a short composition in Bangla – the mother tongue of over 95 percent of the population. 2. Some other reasons are given below: †¢ There is not enough food to feed a growing population. †¢ There is not a stable enough economy to give jobs or a decent standard of living to the current population, much less a growing one. †¢ Consumption of Resources for the current population already out weights the planet’s capacity. †¢ Pollution by the current population is heavy, and would be worsened by a greater population. †¢ Education is best given individually, and the system is stressed when more students are added. 4. Solutions to the population problems in Bangladesh: We should all come forward to control the population. The government of Bangladesh is trying to control it. To remove this problem we should following arrangement: †¢ Using contraception: There are many choices to make about whether or not to use contraception and what method to use if you want to avoid a pregnancy. Contraceptive methods include the use of hormones, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and barrier and natural methods. People choose to use contraceptives (birth control) for a variety of reasons. Choosing the birth control that is right for you is a personal decision and should be an informed one. You may have decided that you don’t wish to have children or would love them – just at a later point in your life. ? You may choose to use birth control to help space the timing of the births of your children. ? You may be feeling like your family is complete, so you wish to guard against the possibility of becomi ng pregnant again. Because we are all individuals and have our own unique needs, so too, we may prefer a particular contraceptive method over another – depending on our sexual, moral, or reproductive needs. †¢ Birth control: Birth control is an umbrella term for several techniques and methods used to prevent fertilization or to interrupt pregnancy at various stages. Birth control techniques and methods include contraception (the prevention of fertilization), contraception (preventing the implantation of the blast cyst) and abortion (the removal or expulsion of a fetus or embryo from the uterus). Contraception includes barrier methods, such as condoms or diaphragm, hormonal contraception, also known as oral contraception, and inject able contraceptives. [1] Contraceptives, also known as post-coital birth control, include intrauterine devices and what is known as the morning after pill. †¢ Mass education: There is a famous saying in Bangladesh: â€Å"Lekha pora kore Je Gari Gora chore se† (Those who are educated will succeed). This traditional thinking of education as the ticket to the good life emerges in different ways and degrees in Bangladesh. Education is seen as something that is received rather than achieved and it has increasingly become dependent on certificates. †¢ Stop early marriage: Education is the most important key to helping end the practice of forced child marriages. Many believe that education may prove to be more successful in preventing child marriages than banning child marriages. Education of the parents is just as important as education of the children. Education will broaden their horizons and will help convince parents of the benefits in having their children educated. It is important to provide education involving more than reading, writing, and math. Teaching these young girls life skills, including reproduction and contraception information, how to have fun and how to play in sports, is proving to be a positive way to change the lives and futures of these adolescent girls. †¢ Stop early pregnancy: Early marriage is mostly seen in village. This problem is increasing rapidly because those people don’t have awareness. To solve this problem the mother have to wait at least 18 years old before trying to have children improves maternal and child health. Also, if additional children are desired after a child is born; it is healthier for the mother and the child to wait at least 2 years after the previous birth before attempting to conceive but not more than 5 years. 5. Conclusion: Population pyramids, or age-sex pyramids, graphically depict the distribution of a country’s population based on age and gender. A top-heavy pyramid represents a country with an aging population that is failing to replace itself. Contrarily, a bottom-heavy pyramid represents a country with a rapid growth rate. Furthermore, indentations and spikes represent natural, environmental, and human phenomena that have affected population growth over time. Causes of these reductions and booms in population are natural disasters, famine, wars, postwar eras, increase in level of healthcare, and baby boom eras. The population is a great malady for Bangladesh. But this can be solved if the government and the people are firmly determined to control birth rate and grow more food at the same time. No improvement is possible unless this problem to solve†¦. [pic][pic][pic] How to cite Population Problems in Bangladesh, Essay examples

Shakespeare And His Theater Essays (533 words) -

Shakespeare and his Theater Shakespeare and his Theater Compared to the technical theaters of today, the London public theaters in the time of Queen Elizabeth I seem to be terribly limited. The plays had to be performed during daylight hours only and the stage scenery had to be kept very simple with just a table, a chair, a throne, and maybe a tree to symbolize a forest. Many say that these limitations were in a sense advantages. What the theater today can show for us realistically, with massive scenery and electric lighting, Elizabethan playgoers had to imagine. This made the playwright have to write in a vivid language so the audience could understand the play. Not having a lighting technician to work the control panels, Shakespeare had to indicate wether it was dawn or nightfall by using a speech rich in metaphors and descriptive details. Shakespeare's theater was far from being bare, the playwright did have some valuable technical sources that he used to the best of his ability. The costumes the actors wore were made to be very elaborate. Many of the costumes conveyed recognizable meanings for the audience such as a rich aristocrat wearing silk clothes with many ruffles. Many times there were musical accompaniments and sound effects such as gunpowder explosions and the beating of a pan to simulate thunder. The stage itself was also remarkably versatile. Behind it were doors for exits and entrances and a curtained booth or alcove useful for actors to hide inside. Above the stage was a higher acting area which symbolized a porch or balcony. This was useful in the story of Romeo and Juliet, when Romeo stood below Juliet and told her how he loved her. In the stage floor was a trap door which was said to lead to "hell" or a cellar, this was especially useful for ghosts or devils who had to appear and disappear throughout the play. The stage itself was shaped in a rectangular platform that projected into a yard that was enclosed by three story galleries. The building was round or octagonal in shape but Shakespeare called it a "wooden O." The audience sat in these galleries or else they could stand in the yard in front the stage. A roof and awning protected the stage and the high-priced gallery seats, but in the case bad weather, the "groundlings," who only paid a penny to stand in the yard, must have gotten wet. The Globe theater was built by a theatrical company in which Shakespeare belonged. The Globe theater, was the most popular of all the Elizabethan theaters, it was not in the city itself but on the south bank of the Thames River. This location had been chosen because, in 1574, public plays had been banished from the city by an ordinance that blamed them for corrupting the youth and promoting prostitution. A playwright had to please all members of the audience. This explains the wide range of topics in Elizabethan plays. Many plays included passages of subtle poetry, of deep philosophy, and scenes of terrible violence. Shakespeare was an actor as well as a playwright, so he new well what his audience wanted to see. The company's offered as many as thirty plays a season, customarily changing the programs daily. The actors thus had to hold many parts in their heads, which may account for Elizabethan playwrights' blank verse writing style.